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  • February 2015
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Global Claims Views: Critical Illness

Challenges Associated with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)

By
  • Dr. Philip Smalley
  • Peter Barrett
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GST
In Brief

Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) represent less than 1% of GI cancers. Hematogenous metastases from GIST most commonly involve the liver, omentum, and peritoneal cavity. Learn more about challenges associated with adjudicating these claims. 


Malignant GIST tumors represent less than 1% of GI cancers. Hematogenous metastases from GIST most commonly involve the liver, omentum, and peritoneal cavity.

Global GISTs incidence is relatively rare at between 7 - 20 per million, although true frequency is unknown. Incidentally found microscopic GIST tumors can be more common. Small GIST tumors have been co-incidentally found in 35% of patients when their stomach was removed due to underlying gastric adenocarcinoma. With increased screening and use of imaging techniques, it is expected that we will see a further increase in GIST tumor incidence rates in the future.

The mean age of diagnosis is 63 years old. These tumours appear relatively rarely in individuals under 40 years of age. Most GISTs are sporadic but some are familial, due to inherited mutations in the KIT gene, and some will appear in patients with neurofibromatosis. The majority of patients with gastric or small bowel GISTs present with GI bleeding, anemia, or abdominal pain. These tumours can also be found incidentally when investigating a patient for some other gastrointestinal disease or on routine imaging of the GI tract.

These GISTs originate within the wall of the stomach or bowel and can grow into or away from the GI tract lumen. This means that simple endoscopy can miss these tumors or underestimate their size. Endoscopic ultrasound better estimates the size of these tumors. In terms of staging, 53% of GIST tumours stage as localized, 19% as regional, 23% as distant, and 5% as unstaged. These tumours are staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th Edition Cancer Staging manual as Stage I to IV based on:

  1. Tumour size;
  2. Number of mitoses seen per 50 high-powered fields (HPF) or the so-called “Mitotic Index”.

GIST tumors have also been stratified by risk into four levels, tagged I to IV, also based on tumor size and mitotic index. The designations are: “very low risk”; “low risk”; “intermediate risk”; and “high risk”.

  • Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumour a GIST?

    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%), epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.

    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them from other GI mesenchymal tumors.

    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than 90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to two- thirds of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately 10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene or the PDGFRA.

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST malignant?

    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and metastasize to distant sites as well.

    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3), respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication challenging. The majority of GIST tumours were previously thought to be benign due to their characteristically bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).

  • Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as benign or borderline. There is some debate that non- gastric GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.

    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5 cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be labelled as malignant.

    The RGA view

    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following claims approach could be justified.

    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:

    • Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    • Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    • Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site, that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields (mitotic index)
    • Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or chemotherapy.

    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST

    • Check their company’s critical illness definition to ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    • Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was based on both pathological examination of the surgically removed tumor and appropriate immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where available).
    • Review the pathology report of the resected tumour to assess size and mitotic index along with tumour location.
    • Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    • Consult your medical adviser where you have any doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your policy has been satisfied.   G CV

    References

    1.  Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, Gorstein F, Lasota J, Longley BJ, Miettinen M, O’Leary TJ, Remotti H, Rubin BP, Shmookler B, Sobin LH, Weiss SW. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Human Pathology 2002 May;33(5):459-65 and Int J Surg Pathol. 2002 Apr;10(2):81-9.

    2.  Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, Hu TH, Lin CN, Uen YH, Hsiung CY, Lu D. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007 Jun;141(6):748-56.

    3.  Jung ES, Kang YK, Cho MY, Kim JM, Lee WA, Lee HE, Park S, Sohn JH, Jin SY. Update on the proposal for creating a guideline for cancer registration of the gastrointestinal tumors (I-2). The Korean Journal of Pathology 2012 Oct;46(5):443-53.

    4. George D Demetri, MD, Jeffrey Morgan, MD, Chandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACS Epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, prognostic features, and diagnostic work-up of gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms including GISThttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-classification-clinical-presentation-prognostic-features-and-diagnostic-work-up-of- gastrointestinal-mesenchymal-neoplasms-including-gist?source=search_result&search=GIST&selectedTitle=1%7E70

    Literature review current through: Dec 2014. This topic last updated: Nov 18, 2014.

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumour
    a GIST?
    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls
    into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%),
    epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with
    spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate
    compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.
    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising
    in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other
    benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy
    alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in
    the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true
    leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be
    difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably
    or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the
    molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of
    GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and
    immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them
    from other GI mesenchymal tumors.
    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were
    inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous
    collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than
    90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of
    the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from
    other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other
    spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another
    tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT
    mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived
    growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to twothirds
    of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately
    10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene
    or the PDGFRA.
    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST
    malignant?
    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their
    pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and
    have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and
    metastasize to distant sites as well.
    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or
    malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3),
    respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication
    challenging. The majority of GIST tumours were previously 
    8
    G L O B A L C L A I M S V I E W S w w w . r g a r e . c o m

    thought to be benign due to their characteristically
    bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming
    increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have
    the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics
    state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as
    “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).
    Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as
    benign or borderline. There is some debate that nongastric
    GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are
    between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.
    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would
    be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as
    malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5
    cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be
    labelled as malignant.
    The RGA view
    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant
    tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific
    reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following
    claims approach could be justified.
    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to
    consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:
    • Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    • Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    • Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site,
    that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields
    (mitotic index).
    • Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree
    of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or
    distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated
    with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or
    chemotherapy.
    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST
    • Check their company’s critical illness definition to
    ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    • Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was
    based on both pathological examination of
    the surgically removed tumor and appropriate
    immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where
    available).
    • Review the pathology report of the resected tumour
    to assess size and mitotic index along with tumour
    location.
    • Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant
    biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there
    is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    • Consult your medical adviser where you have any
    doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your
    policy has been satisfied.
    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumour a GIST?

    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%), epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.

    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them from other GI mesenchymal tumors.

    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than 90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to two- thirds of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately 10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene or the PDGFRA.

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST malignant?

    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and metastasize to distant sites as well.

    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3), respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication challenging. The majority of GIST tumours were previously thought to be benign due to their characteristically bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).

    Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as benign or borderline. There is some debate that non- gastric GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.

    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5 cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be labelled as malignant.

    The RGA view

    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following claims approach could be justified.

    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:

    Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site, that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields (mitotic index)
    Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or chemotherapy.
    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST

    Check their company’s critical illness definition to ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was based on both pathological examination of the surgically removed tumor and appropriate immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where available).
    Review the pathology report of the resected tumour to assess size and mitotic index along with tumour location.
    Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    Consult your medical adviser where you have any doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your policy has been satisfied.   G CV
    References

    1.  Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, Gorstein F, Lasota J, Longley BJ, Miettinen M, O’Leary TJ, Remotti H, Rubin BP, Shmookler B, Sobin LH, Weiss SW. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Human Pathology 2002 May;33(5):459-65 and Int J Surg Pathol. 2002 Apr;10(2):81-9.

    2.  Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, Hu TH, Lin CN, Uen YH, Hsiung CY, Lu D. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007 Jun;141(6):748-56.

    3.  Jung ES, Kang YK, Cho MY, Kim JM, Lee WA, Lee HE, Park S, Sohn JH, Jin SY. Update on the proposal for creating a guideline for cancer registration of the gastrointestinal tumors (I-2). The Korean Journal of Pathology 2012 Oct;46(5):443-53.

    4. George D Demetri, MD, Jeffrey Morgan, MD, Chandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACS Epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, prognostic features, and diagnostic work-up of gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms including GISThttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-classification-clinical-presentation-prognostic-features-and-diagnostic-work-up-of- gastrointestinal-mesenchymal-neoplasms-including-gist?source=search_result&search=GIST&selectedTitle=1%7E70

    Literature review current through: Dec 2014. This topic last updated: Nov 18, 2014.

    Management of a patient presenting with GISTs typically involves a combination of surgical and pharmacologic interventions. Existing consensus-based clinical practice guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network suggests, for patients with high-risk GIST, the administration of adjuvant imatinib for at least 36 months. (High-risk GIST is defined as a tumour >5 cm in size with a high mitotic rate [>5 mitoses/50 HPF] or a risk of recurrence that is >50%.) Some data shows imatinib therapy can also benefit if the GIST is 3 cm or larger.

    Risk of recurrence is very low if the tumor is less than 2 cm and has a low mitotic rate (less than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs). Gastric GISTs have better prognoses than non-gastric GISTs. The cumulative 5-year disease- specific survival rates for GISTs classified at risk levels I, II, III, and IV were 100%, 96%, 67%, and 25%, respectively. (GIST survival statistics can be found on the website at http://nomograms.mskcc.org/GastroIntestinal/ GastroIntestinalStromalTumor.aspx.)

     

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumour
    a GIST?
    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls
    into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%),
    epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with
    spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate
    compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.
    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising
    in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other
    benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy
    alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in
    the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true
    leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be
    difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably
    or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the
    molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of
    GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and
    immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them
    from other GI mesenchymal tumors.
    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were
    inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous
    collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than
    90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of
    the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from
    other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other
    spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another
    tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT
    mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived
    growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to twothirds
    of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately
    10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene
    or the PDGFRA.
    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST
    malignant?
    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their
    pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and
    have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and
    metastasize to distant sites as well.
    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or
    malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3),
    respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication
    challenging. The majority of GIST tumours were previously 
    8
    G L O B A L C L A I M S V I E W S w w w . r g a r e . c o m

    thought to be benign due to their characteristically
    bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming
    increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have
    the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics
    state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as
    “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).
    Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as
    benign or borderline. There is some debate that nongastric
    GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are
    between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.
    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would
    be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as
    malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5
    cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be
    labelled as malignant.
    The RGA view
    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant
    tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific
    reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following
    claims approach could be justified.
    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to
    consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:
    • Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    • Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    • Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site,
    that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields
    (mitotic index).
    • Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree
    of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or
    distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated
    with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or
    chemotherapy.
    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST
    • Check their company’s critical illness definition to
    ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    • Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was
    based on both pathological examination of
    the surgically removed tumor and appropriate
    immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where
    available).
    • Review the pathology report of the resected tumour
    to assess size and mitotic index along with tumour
    location.
    • Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant
    biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there
    is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    • Consult your medical adviser where you have any
    doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your
    policy has been satisfied.
    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumour a GIST?

    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%), epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.

    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them from other GI mesenchymal tumors.

    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than 90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to two- thirds of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately 10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene or the PDGFRA.

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST malignant?

    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and metastasize to distant sites as well.

    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3), respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication challenging. The majority of GIST tumours were previously thought to be benign due to their characteristically bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).

    Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as benign or borderline. There is some debate that non- gastric GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.

    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5 cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be labelled as malignant.

    The RGA view

    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following claims approach could be justified.

    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:

    Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site, that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields (mitotic index)
    Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or chemotherapy.
    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST

    Check their company’s critical illness definition to ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was based on both pathological examination of the surgically removed tumor and appropriate immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where available).
    Review the pathology report of the resected tumour to assess size and mitotic index along with tumour location.
    Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    Consult your medical adviser where you have any doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your policy has been satisfied.   G CV
    References

    1.  Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, Gorstein F, Lasota J, Longley BJ, Miettinen M, O’Leary TJ, Remotti H, Rubin BP, Shmookler B, Sobin LH, Weiss SW. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Human Pathology 2002 May;33(5):459-65 and Int J Surg Pathol. 2002 Apr;10(2):81-9.

    2.  Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, Hu TH, Lin CN, Uen YH, Hsiung CY, Lu D. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007 Jun;141(6):748-56.

    3.  Jung ES, Kang YK, Cho MY, Kim JM, Lee WA, Lee HE, Park S, Sohn JH, Jin SY. Update on the proposal for creating a guideline for cancer registration of the gastrointestinal tumors (I-2). The Korean Journal of Pathology 2012 Oct;46(5):443-53.

    4. George D Demetri, MD, Jeffrey Morgan, MD, Chandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACS Epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, prognostic features, and diagnostic work-up of gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms including GISThttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-classification-clinical-presentation-prognostic-features-and-diagnostic-work-up-of- gastrointestinal-mesenchymal-neoplasms-including-gist?source=search_result&search=GIST&selectedTitle=1%7E70

    Literature review current through: Dec 2014. This topic last updated: Nov 18, 2014.

    Management of a patient presenting with GISTs typically involves a combination of surgical and pharmacologic interventions. Existing consensus-based clinical practice guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network suggests, for patients with high-risk GIST, the administration of adjuvant imatinib for at least 36 months. (High-risk GIST is defined as a tumour >5 cm in size with a high mitotic rate [>5 mitoses/50 HPF] or a risk of recurrence that is >50%.) Some data shows imatinib therapy can also benefit if the GIST is 3 cm or larger.

    Risk of recurrence is very low if the tumor is less than 2 cm and has a low mitotic rate (less than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs). Gastric GISTs have better prognoses than non-gastric GISTs. The cumulative 5-year disease- specific survival rates for GISTs classified at risk levels I, II, III, and IV were 100%, 96%, 67%, and 25%, respectively. (GIST survival statistics can be found on the website at http://nomograms.mskcc.org/GastroIntestinal/ GastroIntestinalStromalTumor.aspx.)

     


    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 1 — Is the tumor a GIST?

    Histologically, the appearance of GISTs usually falls into one of three categories: spindle cell type (70%), epithelioid type (20%) and mixed type (10%). Those with spindle cell GISTs have a slightly better survival rate compared to epithelioid or mixed histology GIST tumours.

    The differential diagnosis of a subepithelial tumor arising in the GI tract is broad, including GISTs and other benign and malignant tumours. By light microscopy alone the distinction among GISTs and other tumours in the differential diagnosis (particularly leiomyomas, true leiomyosarcomas, and GI tract schwannomas) can be difficult, because the histologic findings do not reliably or specifically relate to the immunophenotype or the molecular genetics of the lesions. Accurate diagnosis of GIST typically relies on a combination of cytologic and immunohistochemical characteristics to distinguish them from other GI mesenchymal tumors.

    By the early 1990s, it became apparent that there were inconsistencies and ambiguities in the heterogeneous collection of tumours classified as GISTs. Greater than 90% of GISTs express the CD117 antigen as evidence of the KIT mutation, which helps distinguish this tumour from other bowel wall tumors such as leiomyomas and other spindle cell tumors (which are CD117 negative). Another tyrosine kinase mutation that is occasionally seen in KIT mutation-negative GIST tumours is the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Also up to two- thirds of GISTs are CD34 immunopositive. Approximately 10% of adult GISTs lack mutations in either the KIT gene or the PDGFRA.

    Critical Illness Claims Issue # 2 — Is a GIST malignant?

    The biologic behavior of GIST is variable. In terms of their pathology, GISTs invade the stomach or bowel wall and have the potential to spread regionally to lymph nodes and metastasize to distant sites as well.

    GIST tumours can be coded as benign, borderline or malignant (ICD-O-3 codes 8936/0, 8936/1, or 8936/3), respectively, making critical illness claims adjudication challenging. The majority of GIST tumors were previously thought to be benign due to their characteristically bland histopathologic features. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that virtually all GISTs, over time, have the potential to express malignant behavior. Academics state that it is not appropriate to define any GIST as “benign” (although the /0 code is still used clinically).

    Most low or very low risk GISTs can be designated as benign or borderline. There is some debate that non- gastric GISTs that are designated as “low risk” and are between 2 cm and 5 cm should be labelled malignant.

    GISTs that are classed as intermediate or high risk would be labelled as code /3 and therefore designated as malignant. This would mean that any GIST greater than 5 cm or has greater than 5 mitoses per 50 HPFs would be labelled as malignant.

    The RGA view

    If a critical illness definition of cancer requires a malignant tumor, and if the cancer definition does not make specific reference to GISTs in the exclusions, then the following claims approach could be justified.

    Subject to the underlying definition, we are likely to consider the following as valid CI cancer claims:

    • Any gastric GIST > 5 cm in size.
    • Any non-gastric GIST > 2 cm in size.
    • Any GIST of any size, and originating in any site, that has > 5 mitoses per 50 high-powered fields (mitotic index).
    • Any GIST, in any organ, of any size and any degree of mitotic index, if there is nodal involvement, or distant metastases, or if the claimant is treated with biologic therapy such as imatinib (Gleevic) or chemotherapy.

    What assessors should do with a CI claim for GIST

    • Check their company’s critical illness definition to ensure GISTs are not excluded.
    • Ensure the clinical diagnosis of GIST was based on both pathological examination of the surgically removed tumor and appropriate immunohistochemical proof of a GIST (where available).
    • Review the pathology report of the resected tumor to assess size and mitotic index along with tumor location.
    • Read the clinical notes to determine if adjuvant biologic- or chemotherapy has been used, or if there is evidence of nodal or distant metastases.
    • Consult your medical adviser where you have any doubt as to whether the cancer definition in your policy has been satisfied.

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    Meet the Authors & Experts

    Smalley_Phil2
    Author
    Dr. Philip Smalley
    Senior Vice President (ret.), Global Chief Medical Officer, RGA
    Peter Barrett
    Author
    Peter Barrett
    Senior Vice President and Global Head Underwriting, Claims and Medical (ret.)

    References

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    2.  Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, Hu TH, Lin CN, Uen YH, Hsiung CY, Lu D. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007 Jun;141(6):748-56.

    3.  Jung ES, Kang YK, Cho MY, Kim JM, Lee WA, Lee HE, Park S, Sohn JH, Jin SY. Update on the proposal for creating a guideline for cancer registration of the gastrointestinal tumors (I-2). The Korean Journal of Pathology 2012 Oct;46(5):443-53.

    4. George D Demetri, MD, Jeffrey Morgan, MD, Chandrajit P Raut, MD, MSc, FACS Epidemiology, classification, clinical presentation, prognostic features, and diagnostic work-up of gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms including GIST http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-classification-clinical-presentation-prognostic-features-and-diagnostic-work-up-of- gastrointestinal-mesenchymal-neoplasms-including-gist?source=search_result&search=GIST&selectedTitle=1%7E70


    Literature review current through: Dec 2014. This topic last updated: Nov 18, 2014.

    Additional Resources

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